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Japan-Afghanistan Relations
Diplomatic Relations, 1907-2005 1907
-- Sardar Mohammad Ayub Khan Visits Tokyo
The bilateral diplomatic relationship between Japan and Afghanistan is one of the oldest in Japanese-Islamic relations, although it has certainly been rather unstable. The Afghan elite first took notice of Japan at the time of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The kingdom had been under pressure from Tsarist Russia, and was overjoyed by the Japanese victories. Sardar Mohammad Ayub Khan, hero of the Second Afghan War of 1878-1880, personally made a trip to Japan in 1907 to inspect the country. In 1930 a friendship treaty was signed, and Japan hosted a small number of Afghan students. Japan-Afghanistan relations remained very warm throughout the Pacific War, with the Japanese legation in Kabul not closing until January 1946. The bilateral relationship resumed in 1955 at a slower pace, but gathered steam with King Zahir Shah’s visit to Tokyo in 1969. In return, Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko visited Kabul in 1971. However, this new phase was cut short by the collapse of the Afghan monarchy in 1973, the political instability that followed, and then the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Japan was an ally of the United States, and therefore did not recognize the Soviet-controlled government. In 1989, the Japanese embassy in Kabul closed its doors. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, while fighting and civil war dominated Afghanistan, the links between the countries became few. When the Taliban regime restored some degree of order in 1996, Tokyo began to interact with Kabul at a low level once again, but still broadly participated in the international isolation of the regime. The destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas in early 2001 was particularly resented in Japan, and chilled the relationship. After 9.11, Tokyo strongly supported the US efforts to target Al-Qaida and the Taliban regime. This support even went so far as to dispatch the MSDF to the Indian Ocean to provide logistical support to coalition military efforts—a key development in Japan’s overall military posture. After the Taliban was quickly routed and the Northern Alliance forces regained control of Kabul, Tokyo took a very high-profile political role in hosting the “International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan.” By 2005, Japan had become one of Afghan President Hamid Karzai’s most important backers, and a crucial financial supporter of the new Afghan regime.
1907
-- Sardar Mohammad Ayub Khan Visits Tokyo
Because of the many wars in Afghanistan since 1979, as well as the geographic distance and small size of the Afghan economy, there was very little Japan-Afghan trade in 2005.
Kozo
Watanabe
Embassy
of Afghanistan in Tokyo
Afghan
News Network
8
-- Japan as a Model for Afghan Rehabilitation 2006 Newsletters 176
-- Interview with Afghan Foreign Minister Abdullah
Abdullah 2007 Newsletters 505
-- The “Arc of Freedom and Prosperity Reaches
Afghanistan
Anzai, Toshio, “Afuganisutan no Insho (Impressions of Afghanistan),” Chigaku Zasshi, Vol. 79, No. 1, February 1970. Aoyagi, Ken, Afuganisutan Kiko (Travels in Afghanistan), Fuyo Shobo, Tokyo, 1980. Aoyama, Sadaichi, “Enerugii Keneki kara Mita Afugan Senso (The Afghanistan War from the Point of View of Oil Interests),” Sekai, No. 705, September 2002. Asaba, Shunichiro, et al., “Zadankai—Nanmin Shien no Saizensen kara Mieru mono (Discussion: What We Can See at the Front Lines of Refugee Assistance),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 165, April 2002. Aso, Iku, “Aru-Kaida ‘Tokyo Tero’ Keiho (The Al-Qaida Threat of ‘Tokyo Terrorism’),” Bungei Shunju, Vol. 82, No. 12, September 2004. Berkofsky, Axel, “Japans neue Sicherheitspolitik. Die Entsendung Japanischer Soldaten zur Logistischen Unterstutzung der Amerikanischen Militaroperation in Afghanistan: Bedeutung und Implikationen fur Japans Regionale Sicherheitspolitik (Japan’s New Security Policy: The Dispatch of Japanese Soldiers for the Logistical Support of American Military Operations in Afghanistan: The Significance and Implications for Japan’s Regional Security Policy),” OAG Notizen, February 2002. Byodo, Tsusho, “Indo Afugan Kokkyo Toha-ki (Chronicle of Travels on Foot Near the India-Afghan Border),” Shin-Ajia, Vol. 3, No. 3, March 1941. Ebata, Kensuke, “Nankofuraku Afugan o Amaku Mira na (Don’t Underestimate the Impregnability of Afghanistan),” Bungei Shunju, Vol. 79, No. 13, November 2001. Etani, Toshiyuki, “Seinan-Ajia no Ryoko—Daigoji Iran Afuganisutan Pakisutan Gakujutsu Chosatai ni Sanka shite (Travels in South West Asia: With the Fifth Scientific Research Team in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan),” Tokai Shigaku, No. 2, October 1966. Eya, Osamu, Afuganisutan no Saizensen (From the Front Lines of Afghanistan), Fuyo Shobo, Tokyo, 1983. Fujiwara, Kiichi, “Nihon ga Nasubeki koto to wa nani ka—Terorizumu Kokufuku no Joken (What Should Japan Do? The Conditions of Overcoming Terrorism),” Sekai, No. 694, November 2001. Fukada, Kyuya, “Kaiberu Togegoe no Ichinichi (One Day at the Khyber Pass),” Tenbo, No. 92, August 1966. Glosserman, Brad, “Becoming ‘Normal’ in Exceptional Times,” PacNet Newsletter, No. 04A, January 25, 2002. Glosserman, Brad, “Another Opportunity for Mr. Koizumi,” PacNet Newsletter, No. 41, October 12, 2001. Glosserman, Brad, “Japan Battles Gulf War Ghosts,” PacNet Newsletter, No. 38, September 28, 2001. Goto, Emi, “Afugan Repooto—Fukko Tojo no Afuganisutan o Yuku (Afghan Report: Going to Rebuilding Afghanistan),” Kokusai Jinryu, Vol. 15, Nos. 10-11, October- November 2002. Hashimoto, Tetsu, “Afuganisutan e no Mijikai Tabi to Kaku (A Short Travel Account and Sketches of Afghanistan),” Rekishi to Chiri, No. 256, January 1977. Higuchi, Kikuko, “Indo kara Afuganisutan e—Kenro Haibaru Toge o Koeru (From India to Afghanistan—Crossing the Steep Khyber Pass),” Sekai Chishiki, Vol. 14, No. 8, August 1941. Hiraga, Keiki, “Zai-Afuganisutan Taishikan Ichiji Heisa Zen-kanin Sumiyaka ni Taihi seyo! Soren-gun Tettai no Saichu, Roketto Hogeki Gekika no Kabuuru de no Sankagetsu (The Embassy in Afghanistan is Temporarily Closed and All the Embassy Staff Must Quickly Take Shelter! Three Months in Kabul as the Soviet Army Retreats and Rocket Attacks Become Violent),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 7, April 1989. Hirano, Ichiro, Shiruku Roodo o Yuku—Iran Afugan Tanken (Going on the Silk Road: Exploring Iran and Afghanistan), Hobundo, Tokyo, 1960. Hosokawa, Morisada, “Tabi ni Omou—Iran Afuganisutan Pakisutan Seiron no Tabi (Thinking of My Travels: Travels to Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Ceylon),” Tosetsu, No. 104, November 1961. Hughes, Christopher W., “Japan’s Security Policy and the War on Terror: Steady Incremantalism or Radical Leap?,” Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation Working Paper, No. 104/02, The University of Warwick, August 2002. Iida, Kenichi, Afuganisutan wa Ima—Sorengun Kainyu no naka de (Afghanistan Now: Under the Soviet Occupation), Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai, Tokyo, 1984. Ikeuchi, Satoshi, “Isuraamu-kyoto ga ‘Butsuzo’ ni Murikai-na wake (The Reason that Muslims Misunderstand Buddhist Sculpture),” Magazine ALC, Vol. 22, No. 11, September 2003. Ina, Hisayoshi, “Tsugi no Kadai wa nani ka (How Should Japan Deal with the Terrorist Attacks?),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 161, December 2001. Inoue, Yasushi, “Afuganisutan Kiko (Travels in Afghanistan),” in Yasushi Inoue, ed., Seiiki Monogatari, Shinchosha, Tokyo, 1977. Islamic Affairs, eds., “Afuganisutan ni Shokai sareta Nihon (The Introduction of Japan to Afghanistan),” Kaikyo Jijo, Vol. 4, No. 3, December 1941. Iwamura, Shinobu, Afuganisutan Kiko—Mongoru-zoku no Mura wo Motomete (Travels of Afghanistan—In Search of a Mongol Village), Shakai Shisosha, Tokyo, 1978. Iwamura, Shinobu, “Afuganisutan Chosa Ryoko (Research Travel in Afghanistan),” in Iwamura Shinobu, ed., Toyoshi no Omoshirosa, Shinchosha, Tokyo, 1976. Iwamura, Shinobu, “Afuganisutan Torukisutan Rokusen Kiro o Yuku (Traveling Across 6000 km in Afghanistan and Turkistan),” in Yasunari Kawabata; Haruo Sato; and Naoya Shiga, eds., Sekai Kiko Bungaku Zenshu 15—Nishi-Ajia-hen, Shudosha, Tokyo, 1960. Iwamura, Shinobu, Afuganisutan Kiko (Travels in Afghanistan), Asahi Shinbunsha, Tokyo, 1955. Japan Association for the Promotion of Commerce, eds., Nihon-Afuganisutan Tsusho Kondankai Hokoku (Report on the Informal Trade Discussions between Japan and Afghanistan), Nihon Boeki Shinko Kyokai, Tokyo, 1941. Japan Communist Party, eds., Afuganisutan Mondai to Nihon Kyosanto (The Afghanistan Issue and the Japanese Communist Party), Nihon Kyosanto Chuo Iinkai Shuppankyoku, Tokyo, 1989. Kato, Kyuzo, Afugan no Tabi 1973 (Afghan Travels 1973), Seibunkan, Ikeda, 1974. Katsufuji, Takeshi, “Kaaburu Daigaku Ryugakki—Taikenteki Afuganisutan Bunka-ron (A Chronicle of Student Life at Kabul University: The Culture of Afghanistan through Experience),” Gekkan Shiruku Roodo, Vol. 3, No. 7, August 1977. Kawabata, Kiyotaka, “Keikokuha Kurikae sareteita—Kokuren to Tariban (The Alarms Rang Again and Again: The U.N. and the Taliban),” Sekai, No. 694, November 2001. Kawabata, Kiyotaka, “Naze Tariban wa Butsuzo o Hakai shita ka (Why Did the Taliban Destroy the Statue of Buddha?),” Sekai, No. 688, May 2001. Kitada,
Masamoto, “Yuho Afuganisutan yori Kaerite (Returning
from the Friendly Country Afghanistan),” Bungei Shunju,
Vol. 16, Nos. 9, 11, June-July 1938.
Komano, Kenji, “Umare Kawatta Afuganisutan—Kokumin to Kokusai Shakai no Kyodo no Jinryoku de (How Afghanistan Has Changed Due to the Efforts of Its People and International Society),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 170, September 2002. Kondo, Shozo, Afugan-ki (Afghan Chronicle), Sagami Shobo, Tokyo, 1943. Kubo, Takuto, “Sei to Shi no Haza made (On the Line between Life and Death: Clearing Landmines in Afghanistan),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 182, September 2003. Kuno, Takeshi, Afuganisutan no Tabi (Travels of Afghanistan), Rokko Shuppan, Tokyo, 1977. Maeda, Kosaku and Sekine, Masao, eds., Nihon-Afuganisutan Kankei Zenshi (A Complete History of Japan-Afghanistan Relations), Akashi Shoten, Tokyo, 2006. Masada, Masayo, “Afuganisutan Nanmin Kyanpu o Yuku (Going to an Afghan Refugee Camp),” Gijutsu to Ningen, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 1982. Mathur, Arpita, “Japan’s Response to the 11 September Crisis,” Strategic Analysis, New Delhi, No. 25, November 2001. Matsunami, Kenshiro, Dare mo Kakenakatta Afuganisutan—Shiruku Roodo no Kuni no Genjitsu (The Afghanistan No One Writes About: The Reality of a Silk Road Country), Sankei Shuppan, Tokyo, 1980. Matsunami, Kenshiro, Afuganisutan Kasshoku no Hibi (Days Spent in Brown Afghanistan), Kodansha, Tokyo, 1978. McCormack, Gavan, “Nihon no Afugan Shuppei (Japan’s Afghan Expedition),” Sekai, No. 695, December 2001. Midford, Paul, “Japan’s Response to Terror: Dispatching the SDF to the Arabian Sea,” Asian Survey, Vol. 43, No. 2, March-April 2003. Miller, John, “Japan Crosses the Rubicon?,” Asian Pacific Security Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2002. Miyahara, Nobutaka, “Peace and Stability in Afghanistan: A Japanese View of the Road Ahead,” Gaiko Forum, Winter 2003. Miyake, Kunihiko, “Tai-Bei Busshi Kyoryoku no Saizensen—Sekinin to Seiyaku no Haza made (Forefront of Relief Supplies Cooperation with America: Between Obligation and Limitation),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 158, September 2001. Miyazawa, Kiichi and Nakasone, Yasuhiro, “Is this War?,” Japan Echo, Vol. 29, No. 1, February 2002. Morimoto, Kosei, “Dete yo, Dai-ni no Ibun Haruduun—Baamiyan Daibutsu Hakai kara Doji Tahatsu Tero o Hete (The Need for a Second Ibn Khaldun: The Destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas and the September 11th Terrorism),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 163, February 2002. Nabers, Dirk, “Japan’s Reaction to the Terrorist Attack on its Closest Ally,” in Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, eds., The New Post-11 September World Order, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen, 2001. Nagasawa, Kazutoshi, “Afugan no Tabi—Nuurisutan Tanbo (Afghan Travels: A Visit to Nuristan),” Gekkan Shiruku Roodo, Vol. 3, No. 4, May 1977. Naito, Masanori, “Isuramu wa kono Senso o do Miteiru ka (How does Islam See this War?),” Sekai, No. 695, December 2001. Nakamura, Tetsu, “Nanmin o Dasanai Doryoku koso Hitsuyo (Not Making Refugees is Required),” Sekai, No. 695, December 2001. Nakasone, Yasuhiro, “Gaiko-ken no Hatsudo toshite Takokusekigun ni Kyoryoku ni (Cooperation with the Multilateral Army as the Right of Exercising Diplomacy),” Bungei Shunju, Vol. 79, No. 12, October 2001. Nanjo, Naoko, Senshi-tachi no Bo—Afuganisutan no Dansho (The Faces of the Warriors: A Fragment of Afghanistan), Keishobo, Tokyo, 1988. Nanjo, Norio, “Afuganisutan (Afghanistan),” Bungei Shunju, Vol. 80, No. 1, January 2002. NHK Overseas Research Team, eds., Kiki no Mikazuki Chitai o Yuku?Iran Iraku Afuganisutan (Traveling through the Chaotic Crescent?Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan), Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai, Tokyo, 1981. Ogata, Sadako, “Unfinished Business in a Forsaken Country: Looking Back and Forward,” Gaiko Forum, Summer 2002. Ogata, Sadako and Parker, Emily, “Interview with Sadako Ogata: Japan and the Reconstruction of Afghanistan,” Harvard Asia Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 2, Spring 2002. Ogata, Sadako and Sasae, Kenichiro, “Intabyuu—‘Misuterareta Kuni’ de no Mikan no Shigoto—Afuganisutan Fukko Shien Kokusai Kaigi o Oete (Interview: The Unfinished Tasks of the ‘Forgotten Country’: After the International Conference on Afghanistan’s Reconstruction),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 165, April 2002. Okamoto, Yukio, “Toward Reconstruction Aid for Iraq: A Path via the Indian Ocean and the Nile,” Gaiko Forum, Summer 2003. Okamoto, Yukio, “Indoyo kara Nairu o Hete Iraku no Fukko Shien e (Toward Reconstruction Aid for Iraq: A Path via the Indian Ocean and the Nile),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 180, July 2003. Okamoto, Yukio, “Across to the Indian Ocean: Japanese Aid to Afghanistan,” Gaiko Forum, Fall 2002. Okamoto, Yukio, “Indoyo-jo no Domei kara achira no Afugan e (Across to the Indian Ocean: Japanese Aid to Afghanistan),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 167, June 2002. Ono, Morio, “What’s Your Research Good For?: An Experience in an Afghan Village,” in Japan Foundation, eds., Dialogue: Middle East and Japan: Symposium on Cultural Exchange, Reference Series 3, The Japan Foundation, Tokyo, 1977. Oshima, Shotaro, “Funsen suru Nihon Gaiko—Afuganisutan Fukko Shien Kokusai Kaigi wa iku ni shite Jitsugen shita ka (Japan’s Diplomatic Determination: A Summary of the Afghan Peace Conference),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 167, June 2002. Pohl, Manfred, “Japans Reaktionen auf die Terroranschlage vom 11. September (Japan’s Reaction to the September 11 Terrorism),” Japan Aktuell, Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2001. Sagehashi, Nobuyuki, “Afugan Naisen—Shirerazaru Giseisha (The Afghan Civil War—Unknown Victims),” Bungei Shunju, Vol. 72, No. 10, August 1994. Sato, Yoichiro, “Japan’s Naval Dispatch Plans Expand the Envelope,” PacNet Newsletter, No. 04A, January 24, 2003. Schultz, Jennifer, “Koizumi’s Wars,” Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 164, No. 39, October 4, 2001. Shimizu, Manabu, “Afuganisutan oyobi Chuo-Ajia Chiiki no Antei o Mezashite—Nihon no Apuroochi (Seeking Stability in Afghanistan and Central Asia: Japan’s Approach),” NIRA Seisaku Kenkyu, Vol. 15, No. 10, October 2002. Shimonaga, Kenji, Afuganisutan-ki (Afghanistan Chronicle), Bunseisha, Tokyo, 1934. Southgate, Edward J. L., “From Japan to Afghanistan: The U.S.-Japan Joint Security Relationship, the War on Terror, and the Ignominious End of a Pacifist State?,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 151, No. 4, April 2003. Takahashi, Hiroshi, “Misshon Inposshiburu—Kokuren Seimukan Taiken-ki (Mission Impossible: Report from Afghanistan),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 124, December 1998. Takayama, Hideo and Wehrfritz, George, “Bringing Up the Rear: An Embarrassed Japan Tries to Join the Fight,” Newsweek, October 15, 2001. Takeda, Isami, “Humanitarian Aid Diplomacy: From Cambodia to Afghanistan,” Gaiko Forum, Summer 2002. Tanabe, Yasunosuke, “Afuganisutan no Omoide (Memories of Afghanistan),” Afuganisutan Kyokai Kaiho, No. 1, June 1942. Tanaka, Koichiro, “After the Taliban,” Japan Echo, Vol. 29, No. 1, February 2002. Tanaka, Toshio, “Paresuchina o Tazunete—Rebanon, Iran, Afuganisutan o Megutte (Visiting Palestine: Travels to Lebanon, Iran, and Afghanistan),” Kikan Paresuchina, No. 6, July 1980. Tanaka, Toshio, “Rebanon, Iran, Afuganistan o Tazunete (Visiting Lebanon, Iran, and Afghanistan),” Ajia Keizai Junpo, No. 1153, June 1980. Tohata, Seiichi, “Afuganisutan Nikki (Afghanistan Diary),” in Yasunari Kawabata; Haruo Sato; and Naoya Shiga, eds., Sekai Kiko Bungaku Zenshu 15—Nishi-Ajia-hen, Shudosha, Tokyo, 1960. Tsuchiya, Emuko, “Kakumei no Toshi 1973-nen—Kaaburu Taizai 2-kagetsu (The Year of Revolution 1973: Two Months in Kabul),” Harubuuza, No. 57, October 1976. Watanabe, Taizo, “Chikaku Hendo ga Hajimatteiru—Toji Tahatsu Tero Jiken no Higashi-Ajia e no Eikyo (The Impact of September 11 on Foreign Policy in East Asia),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 162, January 2002. Yachi, Shotaro, “9.11 Tero Kogeki to Nihon no Taio (The 9.11 Terror Attack and the Japanese Response),” Kokusai Mondai, No. 503, February 2002. Yajima, Sumisaku, “Afuganisutan Ryoko no Insho—Ajia Haiuei ni Sotta Kabuuru kara Heraato e (Impressions of Travel in Afghanistan: Along the Asian Highway from Kabul to Herat),” Chigaku Zasshi, Vol. 80, No. 5, October 1971. Yamamoto, Taro, Kiba no Michi—Afuganisutan Iran Kiko (The Cavalry Road: Travels in Afghanistan and Iran), Shueisha, Tokyo, 1983. Yamauchi, Masayuki, “Counterterrorism and the New World Order: Japan’s Role in Afghanistan,” Japan Review of International Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 2, Summer 2002. Yamauchi, Masayuki, “A Japanese Perspective on the Afghan Problem,” Japan Echo, Vol. 29, No. 1, February 2002. Yamauchi, Masayuki, “The Open Society and Its Enemies: Confronting International Terrorism,” Gaiko Forum, Winter 2002. Yamauchi, Masayuki, “Akareta Shaki to sono Teki—Naze Kokusai Terorizumu to no Taiketsu ga Hitsuyo ka (The Open Society and Its Enemies: Confronting International Terrorism),” Gaiko Fooramu, No. 160, November 2001. Yamazaki, Masakazu, “Rethinking Our Response to September 11,” Japan Echo, Vol. 29, No. 1, February 2002. Yasukawa, Shigeo, Afuganisutan no Yamatabi—Hinzuu Kushu Tozan no Kiroku (Mountain Travel in Afghanistan: Records of a Climb in the Hindu Kush), Akane Shobo, Tokyo, 1966. Yoshida, Mitsukuni, “Iran Afuganisutan hoka—Shiruku Roodo Chosa Nikki (Iran, Afghanistan, and Elsewhere: Diary of a Silk Road Exploration),” Chishiki, No. 21, January 1981. Yoshida, Mitsukuni, Sabaku no Jujiro—Iran Afugan Pakisutan Tosa Kiko (The Desert Crossroads: An Exploration of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), Tanko Shinsha, Kyoto, 1960. Yoshitsu, Michael M., Caught in the Middle East: Japan’s Diplomacy in Transition, Lexington Books, Lexington, 1984. Yoshitsu, Michael M., “Iran and Afghanistan in Japanese Perspective,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 5, May 1981.
Information for the “Japan-Afghanistan Relations” page was compiled by Michael Penn.
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